The geological monuments mean objects acting as a kind
of chronicle the distant geological past defined structure and shape
of our Earth, objects in which new species of minerals and long-extinct
animals were discovered, geological hypotheses and theories born and
tested, new types of minerals and technologies to process them were
developed, affecting by way of human existence and its level of development.
It can be made ten main types of geological monuments on the territory
of Perm Region by scientific interest: tectonics, stratigraphical, paleontological,
cosmogeneous, petrographic, mineralogical, geomorphic, karstological,
hydrogeological, mining and geological.
Tectonic monuments reflect different
stages in the evolution of the earth’s crust region (from the Riphean
to the Cenozoic) and characterize the main types of deformations (brittle
and plastic). Muravjiny Ridge represents eroded fragment of Precambrian
folded structures, witness of the Kadomskaya collision «skew» nature.
Watershed between Pelya and Tsepel is an example of the angular and
stratigraphic dissent, it is proof of the existence of two struc- tural-tectonic
floors (Baikal and Paleozoic). Three structural-tectonic floors, regional
faults (Kuryksarskiy Thrust, normal faults and strike-slip-reverse faults)
and Moyvinsky Protrusive Massif of ultramafites spatially combined in
Tulymsky Tectonic Ensemble. Duzhny and Pechka Rocks are the examples
of overthrust folding longitudinal buckling. Lun’evsko-Chusovskoy Thrust
describes one of the biggest discontinuous of the Western Urals Folding
Zone. Sos- novetsko-Yamzhachnaya anticline zone is one of fold-thrust
plates, representing an example of vergent Hercynian folding in straticulate
measures and overthrust drag and warp folds. Solikamskaya Depression
is seen as an etalon of shallow salt tectonics, it’s an example of divergent
gravitational gliding and current.
Stratigraphic monuments characterize
lithologically and faunally different age sedimentary complexes of platform
and the Urals (from the Riphean to the Mesozoic). So ridges Oslyanka
and Basegi are stratotypes of the Upper Riphean Oslyanskaya suite, the
lower member of Basegskaya group. The Bolshoy Haphar-Ne-Tump Mount is
stratotype of the Lower-Middle Ordovician Hapharskaya suite, which mark
the beginning of the Hercynian transgressive cycle; ridge Chuvalsky
Rock is stratotype of the Middle-Upper Ordovician Chuvalskaya suite;
Mount Kolpaki is stratotype of the Middle- Upper Ordovician Kolpakovskaya
suite. The geological section of the late Ordovician Polyudovskaya suite
are opened on the Pomyanenny Rock, and the section of the Middle Devonian
eifilian stage Takatinskaya suite are opened on the Berezovy Rock ridge.
Boundary layers of Lower and Middle Carboniferous are recorded in the
Gostiny Island section, the section of the Upper Carboniferous and the
border with the Lower Permian Asselsky stage are recorded in Plakun
Rock. The Kosaya Rechka section is one of the most completed geologic
sections of the turneysky stage, the Kyn section describes the Gzhelsky
and Asselsky stages, and Filippovsky Quarry represents the section of
the Saraninsky and Filippovsky horizons of the Kungursky stage. The
Holodny Log section is stratotype of the Holodnolozhsky horizon of the
Asselsky stage. The Belaya Gora is gipostratotype of the Lower Permian
Sakmarsky stage. The section of Irensky horizont are exposed near Elkino
village. Lower Triassic clays are exposed in the upper of the Chus River,
and middle Jurassic deposits are exposed in the Ust’-Chernaya section.
The paleontological monuments characterize
individual episodes of the development of Perm Region ancient animal
life. Vavilon Quarry is the location of Riphean stromatolites and Shirokovskoe
Reservoir is the location of Vendian mollusks. Ordovician Endocerotoidea
and Nautiloidea are known in the Promysla section. Devonian fauna and
flora are found in the Horoshovka (Placodermi and Goniatitida) and Koksohim
(Clymeniida) sections. Carboniferous fossils are presented in Gubaha
(Ant- hozoa), Polovinka and Krestovaya (flora and paleosoils) sections.
Permian fauna are well represented in Rassolny (Goniatitida, Nautiloidea,
Anthozoa), Chikali (Bryozoa reefs), Polazna (stromatolite and flora)
sections. Unique Perman flora and fauna monuments include the following
geological sections: Chekarda (Insecta and flora), Kluchiki (Pisces,
Tetrapoda and Flora) and Ezhovo (Tetrapoda). The wellknown locations
of Pleistocene mammals in the Kizel caves are not less significant.
The cosmological monuments include places
of meteorites fall as well as meteorites. Severny Kolchim meteorite
is a first type of ordinary chondrit, and Ohansk meteorite — the second
type.
The petrographic monuments comprise the
classical riftogenic and collision intrusive and effusive complexes
as well as explosive-volcanic deposits. The Saranovsky Massif is a petrotype
of the Upper Riphean saranovsky gabbroanorthosite-dunit-harzburgite
complex. Volcanic rocks of Mount Blagodat’ are petrotypes of the Lower
Vendian blagodatsky hyalomelanephelinite-trachybasalt-kimalnoite complex.
The Troicky Massif is the only representative and petrotype of the Lower
Vendian troicky alkaline granosyenite complex. The Mount Sokolinaya
Volcano represents petrotype of the Lower Vendian dvorecky hyalomelanephelinite-trachybasalt
complex. The Moyvinsky Massif acts as the most differential representative
of the Lower-Middle Carboniferous velsovsky granitoid complex. The Kvarkushsky
Extrusive Dome represents the Lower-Middle Carboniferous saklaimsorsky
granosyenite-granite complex, and intrusive pyroklastites of Polyudovsko-Kolchimskoe
High are the etalons of a new genetic type of volcanogenic (explosive
and mud- injection) rocks.
The mineralogical monuments are deposits,
which are formed with the participation of mantle as well as crust processes.
The Saranovskoe Deposit is a unique mineralogical object of the Urals,
which is characterized by a large number of minerals (over 140), including
the new minerals (uvarovite and shuiskite) and minerals of chromium.
The Strelny Rock is a location of diagenetic flints. The Verhnekamskoe
Deposit is a giant deposit of potassium and magnesium salts. Mineralogical
monuments include Promysla area placers: the Upper Koyvinskaya (gold-platinum),
the Bolshe-Shaldinskaya (gold) and the Krestovozdvizhenskaya (gold,
diamond). Quartz-crystalbearing veins are typical for the Olhovskoe
Deposit which also contain citrine. The Biserskaya Deposits Group differs
by the presence of twisted individuals and various titanic minerals.
The Chuvalskaya Vein and the Weinberg Deposit are representatives of
the gold-quartz formations. The Weinberg Deposit also is characterized
by the presence of rare-metal minerals. The Chastinskaya Group of Mineral
Deposits is a volkonskoite exits, which was discovered on the Perm Region
territory.
The Mazuevskoe Deposit is the largest in Russia strontium
ore deposit. The Ordinskaya Deposits Group is a source of ornamental
gypsum. The cuprous sandstones of Perm Region contain about 15 minerals
of copper, two of which (volborthite and vesignieite) were discovered
for the first time. The Visherskaya Group represents not only the occurrence
of diamonds, but also a place of discovery about 270 minerals. The Veslyana
is an occurrence of gold and amalgam. The Shakva River basin is a scene
of biogenic mineral formation.
The karstological monuments were formed
by the activities of the ground water in easily soluble carbonate, sulphate
and haloid rocks. They are represented by caves and glades. There are
the Diviya (the longest cave in the Urals), the Bol’shaya Pashyiskaya
Cave, the Mariinskaya Cave, the Ponysh Valley karst complexes, the Pehach
Rock, the Dyrovatye Rebra Rock among of the carbonate rocks. There are
the Kungurskaya Ice Cave (the longest cave in the province with a multi-years
ice), the longest in the world Ordinskaya Underwater Cave, the large
karst systems Kishertsky Suhodol and Mazuevskaya Depression in sulphate
rocks.
The geomorphic monuments are owe by their
origin to the interaction of three forces: inner forces of the earth
(tectonics and volcanism), solar power, ensuring the circulation of
water, temperature fluctuations and the organisms vital activity, as
well as gravitation, causing transportation and deposition of destroyed
material. Nearly all geomorphologically expressed objects tend to the
area of sustainable rise in the eastern part of region. The cliffs associate
with river erosion. The Vetlan and the Us’vinskye Stolby are cliffs
in carbonate rocks, the Podkamennaya Mount — in sulphate rocks. The
relics are products of physical and chemical weathering. The Kamennyi
Gorod represents the group of relics, and plateau Kvarkush is the set
of erosion and accumulative forms of relief. The significant role as
the factors of their formation played the freeze-unfreeze processes.
The hydrogeological monuments are presented
by ascending springs of various mineral waters, which tend mainly to
Preduralskiy and Predtimanskiy Troughs. The Usolskie Springs are discharge
places of waters from brine-extract wells. Waters with dissolved organic
mat- ter of oil origin discharge in the Petropavlovsky Spring. The Blue
Lake is a vaucluse, formed strong ascending flows of karst water supplied
from the siphonal circulation zone. The Kizelovsky Mine Waters are characterized
by very acid ferro-aluminum composition. The Klyuchevsky Springs are
known since the V—VI centuries as the springs of low minerali- zed sulfate-calcium
waters. Chloride-natrium water enriched with radium and radon discharges
in the Berezovsky Spring. The Water- fall Plakun formed from spring
discharged from hydrocarbonate-calcium waters on the Earth’s surface.
The Larevsky Springs and Lakes are group of saline springs with a huge
mud bed. The Pydolsky Spring is the most powerful in the region source
of hydrosulfuric waters.
The mining and geological monuments.
The Prikamye history was inseparably linked with the history of developing
mineral resources of the region, serves as a testing area, where Russia
mining and extractive industries has done its first steps. Traces of
mining and factory affairs scattered throughout Prikamye, including
the towns and cities. Many of them have emerged and developed mainly
for mining and processing of local minerals. The types of minerals now
exploited define present mining face of the region. Since XV century
salt-works have been deployed by brothers Kalinnikovy, they began to
build saltern on the Borovaya River. The copper-mines has arisen in
the Perm Territory at the II century B. C. and was presented by Eneolithic
metallurgy hearth. However, ancestor of Russia non-ferrous metallurgy
is considered the Pyskorsky factory built in 1634. Iron-mines, as an
industry, originated in 1640 with the construction of the first in the
Prikamye Krasnoborsky official iron-processing plant in the Cherdynsky
County. Coal industry in the Prikamye originated in 1797 from the mine
«Zaprudnaya» in Kizel. Diamond-works in the Urals and Russia were began
with the Ust-Tyrymskaya placer, were opened and developed under the
leadership of V. O. Ruzhitsky in 1942. Prikamye golden-works arose from
the discovering of the Poludenka valley gold sand (Krestovozdvizhensky
Gold-Works village) by serf prospector Prosvirin in 1820. Balneal-works
originated in the Kluchy in 1865, thanks to the efforts of Suksunsky
Plant doctor A. P. Shcherbakov. Chromite mining was began from developing
of the Saranovsky chromite deposit in 1889. Gypsumworks originated as
cottage in the late XIX century. Lapidary production of gypsum-selenite
started on the Iren’ River in 1892. Potassium mining was found in 1925
after drilling saline reservoir (the well № 1) on the Solikamsk outskirts.
The oil industry was began in 1928 from the first spouting well nearly
the Verhnechusovskye Gorodki. This discovery marked the opening of a
new Volgouralskaya Oil Province.